Experiments & Research
EEG Auckland 2021:
An electromagnetic window into the creation of knowledge and meaning through brain dynamic processes and their associated cognitive states in different experimental modalities'
In the following video we present results gathered by EEG measurements in six different experimental modalities, presumably associated to different cognitive states and brain dynamics. The modalities are as follows: meditation/relaxation, scrambled words, ambiguous images, arithmetical operations, listening to positive affirmations and watching a video clip containing music and ambiguous images.
The main topics are:
- Comparing the frequency signature across modalities for meditators versus non meditators, as described by Davis & Kozma, 2018; Davis, Schübeler, Ji & Kozma, 2020.
- A deep analysis of the hypothesised cycle of the Creation of Knowledge and Meaning, as described by Davis, Gillett, & Kozma, 2015.
Several non-linear systems and signal analysis methods have been used, so it is recommended to complement the presentation video with the following videos and papers:
- Davis, J.J.J. “The art of encephalography and cinematic spatio-temporal pattern visualization to gain insight into brain dynamics associated with different cognitive states,” OMICS 4th International Conference and Expo on Computer Graphics & Animation, SciTechnol, Berlin, Germany, 25-26 September, 2017.
- Davis, J.J.J., Kozma, R. “Visualization of Human Cognitive States Monitored by High-density EEG Arrays,” Procedia Computer Science, 144, 219-231, 2018.
- Presented at the 3rd INNS Conference on Big Data and Deep Learning, Bali, 2018.
Below is a list of relevant literature that will also support a good grasp of the methodology used, since this will only be touched on very briefly in the presentation, and the focus is more on analysis and results.
- Davis, J.J., Kozma, R. “Creation of knowledge & meaning manifested via cortical singularities in cognition: Towards a methodology to understand intentionality and critical behavior in neural correlates of awareness,” The 2013 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence, Cognitive Algorithms, Mind and Brain (CCMB), IEEE Press, Singapore, 16-19 April, 2013.
- Davis, J.J., Kozma, R. “Analysis of phase relationship in ECoG using Hilbert transform and information theoretic measures,” The 2012 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), IEEE Press, Brisbane, Australia, 10-15 June, 2012.
- Davis, J.J.J., Kozma, R., Freeman, W.J. “Neurophysiological evidence of the cognitive cycle and the emergence of awareness,” The 2013 International Joint Conference on Awareness Science and Technology and Ubi-Media Computing (iCAST–UMEDIA), IEEE Press, Aizu-Wakamatsu, Japan, 2-4 November, 2013.
- Davis, J.J.J., Schübeler, F., Ji, S., Kozma, R. “Discrimination Between Brain Cognitive States Using Shannon Entropy and Skewness Information Measure,” The 2020 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), IEEE Press, Toronto, Canada, 11-14 October, 2020, pp. 4026-31.
- Davis, J.J.J., Gillett, G., Kozma, R. “Revisiting Brentano on Consciousness: Striking Correlations with Electrocorticogram Findings about the Action-Perception Cycle and the Emergence of Knowledge and Meaning,” Mind and Matter, 13(1), 45-69, 2015.
EEG Memphis:
(1) Davis, J.J.J., Kozma, R., Lin, C-T, Freeman, W.J. “Spatio-temporal EEG pattern extraction using high-density scalp arrays,” 2016 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), IEEE Press, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July, 2016.
IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Abstract - Previous experimental studies on rabbits using electrocorticograms (ECoGs) over the cortical surface indicate spatio-temporal dynamics in the form of amplitude modulation (AM) patterns, which intermittently collapse at theta rates and give rise to rapidly propagating phase modulated (PM) patterns. The observed dynamics have been shown to be of cognitive relevance carrying useful information on the meaning of sensory information perceived by the subject. We have extended these studies to human scalp EEG measurements, which show evidence that cognitively relevant AM and PM patterns are observable by non-intrusive experimental techniques as well. The present work develops experimental techniques for studying cognitively relevant spatio-temporal neural dynamics using a high-density EEG array. Theoretical considerations indicate that the required spatial resolution to detect and categorize amplitude and phase patterns should be in the range of 3-5 mm. A prototype 1-dimensional array (MINDO-48S) has been developed, which has 48 electrodes in a flexible linear array of 5 mm spacing. The present work focuses on the extraction of broadly distributed spatio-temporal patterns, which carry cognitively relevant information. Preliminary analysis of the signal-to-noise ratio indicates that the sensitivity of the experiment allows the predicted AM patterns to be measured.
Here you can view some images of the used equipment, as well as some figures that display results of this study.
(2) Kozma, R., Freeman, W.J., Davis, J.J.J., Lin, C.-T., “Model-based measurement of EEG data from linear high-density array” (Poster Presentation), Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting 2014, Washington, DC, 15-19 November, 2014.
Neuroscience 2014
Abstract - Our goal is to validate hypotheses about the existence of metastable amplitude patterns and propagating phase gradients using a linear array of high-density noninvasive scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) array. Introduction: Intermittent transitions between brain states with and without large-scale synchronous oscillations carrying spatial patterns are hallmarks of higher cognition, which were first identified using invasive intracranial ECoG measurements. Recent results by noninvasive scalp EEG measurements indicate that it is feasible to measure these amplitude and phase patterns using scalp EEG as well. Methods: Based on theoretical considerations and experimental studies, we optimize the array design, to extract cognitively relevant attributes from the measured neural fields. We employ a network theory-based model called neuropercolation, which approximates neural processes in brains as a generalized percolation process through the layered sheet of the cerebral cortex. Heterogeneous neuropercolation models are developed incorporating structural connectivity patterns identified by brain EEG imaging techniques. Results: High temporal and spatial resolution allows studying canonical power spectral densities (PSDs) in time (PSDt) and space (PSDx). The canonical PSDs at rest are generally self-similar with slope indicative of the cognitive state. The self-similar range is bounded with a plateau at low frequencies up to a break frequency determined by the time of the impulse response, linear decrease in log power with log frequency determined by the decay rate of the impulse response, and a plateau at high frequencies due to the background noise level. Neuropercolation models reproduce the experimental behavior near critical states and used for the extraction of cognitively relevant information from the data. Conclusions: We develop a novel experimental technology with wireless array that allows monitoring cognitive activity without significant interference with the daily activity of the participants. The experiments are interpreted using our graph-theoretical model and lead to the conclusion that the data by the high-density array manifest neural correlates of cognition.
EEG Dunedin:
Davis, J.J.J., Lin, C.-T., Gillett, G., Kozma, R. “An Integrative Approach to Analyze EEG Signals and Human Brain Dynamics in Different Cognitive States,” Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research, 7(4), 287-299, 2017.
Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research
Abstract - Electroencephalograph (EEG) data provide insight into the interconnections and relationships between various cognitive states and their corresponding brain dynamics, by demonstrating dynamic connections between brain regions at different frequency bands. While sensory input tends to stimulate neural activity in different frequency bands, peaceful states of being and self-induced meditation tend to produce activity in the mid-range (Alpha). These studies were conducted with the aim of: (a) testing different equipment in order to assess two (2) different EEG technologies together with their benefits and limitations and (b) having an initial impression of different brain states associated with different experimental modalities and tasks, by analyzing the spatial and temporal power spectrum and applying our movie making methodology to engage in qualitative exploration via the art of encephalography. This study complements our previous study of measuring multichannel EEG brain dynamics using MINDO48 equipment associated with three experimental modalities measured both in the laboratory and the natural environment. Together with Hilbert analysis, we conjecture, the results will provide us with the tools to engage in more complex brain dynamics and mental states, such as Meditation, Mathematical Audio Lectures, Music Induced Meditation, and Mental Arithmetic Exercises. This paper focuses on open eye and closed eye conditions, as well as meditation states in laboratory conditions. We assess similarities and differences between experimental modalities and their associated brain states as well as differences between the different tools for analysis and equipment.
In the following set of videos we present the data obtained from EEG measurements visualised with the aid of the art of encephalography for two (2) participants in two (2) modalities: closed eyes and open eyes with a flash light being pointed at the participant. Theta frequencies are displayed in yellow, Alpha frequencies in green, Low Beta frequencies in light blue, High Beta frequencies in dark blue, Low Gamma frequencies in purple and High Gama frequencies in pink. Positions in the grid without a corresponding channel are displayed in red.
Davis, J.J.J., Lin, C.-T., Gillett, G., Kozma, R. “An Integrative Approach to Analyze EEG Signals and Human Brain Dynamics in Different Cognitive States,” Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research, 7(4), 287-299, 2017.
Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research
Abstract - Electroencephalograph (EEG) data provide insight into the interconnections and relationships between various cognitive states and their corresponding brain dynamics, by demonstrating dynamic connections between brain regions at different frequency bands. While sensory input tends to stimulate neural activity in different frequency bands, peaceful states of being and self-induced meditation tend to produce activity in the mid-range (Alpha). These studies were conducted with the aim of: (a) testing different equipment in order to assess two (2) different EEG technologies together with their benefits and limitations and (b) having an initial impression of different brain states associated with different experimental modalities and tasks, by analyzing the spatial and temporal power spectrum and applying our movie making methodology to engage in qualitative exploration via the art of encephalography. This study complements our previous study of measuring multichannel EEG brain dynamics using MINDO48 equipment associated with three experimental modalities measured both in the laboratory and the natural environment. Together with Hilbert analysis, we conjecture, the results will provide us with the tools to engage in more complex brain dynamics and mental states, such as Meditation, Mathematical Audio Lectures, Music Induced Meditation, and Mental Arithmetic Exercises. This paper focuses on open eye and closed eye conditions, as well as meditation states in laboratory conditions. We assess similarities and differences between experimental modalities and their associated brain states as well as differences between the different tools for analysis and equipment.
In the following set of videos we present the data obtained from EEG measurements visualised with the aid of the art of encephalography for two (2) participants in two (2) modalities: closed eyes and open eyes with a flash light being pointed at the participant. Theta frequencies are displayed in yellow, Alpha frequencies in green, Low Beta frequencies in light blue, High Beta frequencies in dark blue, Low Gamma frequencies in purple and High Gama frequencies in pink. Positions in the grid without a corresponding channel are displayed in red.
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EEG Auckland 2017:
Davis, J.J.J., Kozma, R. "Visualization of Human Cognitive States Monitored by High-density EEG Arrays," Procedia Computer Science, 144, 219-231, 2018.
Procedia Computer Science
Abstract - There is an increasing interest in monitoring mental activities associated with different cognitive states using electroencephalography (EEG). In recent work, we introduced a comparative study of EEG recordings with participants in various cognitive modalities, including open eyes, open eyes with visual stimuli, closed eyes, and meditation. We showed initial evidence that external sensory input stimulate neural activity in a range of frequency bands, while self-induced peaceful states via meditation or relaxation with closed eyes, tend to produce activity focused in the mid-range (alpha band). We applied our movie making methodology to qualitatively explore brain dynamics using the art of encephalography in a novel way. In the present study we test the technology using a 256 electrodes dense-array EEG developed by EGI. We studied cognitive modalities: meditation, closed eyes, math problem solving, and open eyes. The applied temporal and spatial Power Spectrum Density analysis is able to discriminate between these modalities.
In the following set of videos EEG recorded data for three (3) participants in three (3) modalities is presented as follows: meditation (MED), solving mathematical equations (MM) and looking straight at a blank wall with open eyes (OE). It can be observed clearly that all participants display significantly more alpha frequencies (green) in MED and MM than in OE. It can also be observed that the EEG recordings of Participant 1 & 3 EEG display more alpha frequencies than Participant 2.
Davis, J.J.J., Kozma, R. "Visualization of Human Cognitive States Monitored by High-density EEG Arrays," Procedia Computer Science, 144, 219-231, 2018.
Procedia Computer Science
Abstract - There is an increasing interest in monitoring mental activities associated with different cognitive states using electroencephalography (EEG). In recent work, we introduced a comparative study of EEG recordings with participants in various cognitive modalities, including open eyes, open eyes with visual stimuli, closed eyes, and meditation. We showed initial evidence that external sensory input stimulate neural activity in a range of frequency bands, while self-induced peaceful states via meditation or relaxation with closed eyes, tend to produce activity focused in the mid-range (alpha band). We applied our movie making methodology to qualitatively explore brain dynamics using the art of encephalography in a novel way. In the present study we test the technology using a 256 electrodes dense-array EEG developed by EGI. We studied cognitive modalities: meditation, closed eyes, math problem solving, and open eyes. The applied temporal and spatial Power Spectrum Density analysis is able to discriminate between these modalities.
In the following set of videos EEG recorded data for three (3) participants in three (3) modalities is presented as follows: meditation (MED), solving mathematical equations (MM) and looking straight at a blank wall with open eyes (OE). It can be observed clearly that all participants display significantly more alpha frequencies (green) in MED and MM than in OE. It can also be observed that the EEG recordings of Participant 1 & 3 EEG display more alpha frequencies than Participant 2.
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